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Flying Fish in the River Baby Shark in the Womb

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Species of requiem shark

Tiger shark

Temporal range:

PreꞒ

Ꞓ

O

S

D

C

P

T

J

Grand

Pg

N

Early Miocene – present[i]

Tiger shark.jpg
Tiger shark size.svg

Conservation condition


Near Threatened (IUCN 3.i)[2]

Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Chondrichthyes
Superorder: Selachimorpha
Order: Carcharhiniformes
Family unit: Carcharhinidae
Genus: Galeocerdo
Species:

G. cuvier

Binomial name
Galeocerdo cuvier

Péron & Lesueur, 1822
Cypron-Range Galeocerdo cuvier.svg
Tiger shark range
Synonyms

Squalus cuvier Peron and Lesueur, 1822
Galeocerdo tigrinus Müller and Henle, 1837

The tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier [3]) is a species of requiem shark and the only extant fellow member of the genus Galeocerdo . It is a large macropredator, capable of attaining a length over five grand (16 ft five in).[four] Populations are found in many tropical and temperate waters, particularly around central Pacific islands. Its name derives from the dark stripes down its body, which resemble a tiger's pattern, but fade equally the shark matures.[v]

The tiger shark is a solitary, generally nocturnal hunter. Information technology is notable for having the widest food spectrum of all sharks, with a range of prey that includes crustaceans, fish, seals, birds, squid, turtles, sea snakes, dolphins, and fifty-fifty other smaller sharks. It besides has a reputation as a "garbage eater",[5] consuming a multifariousness of inedible, homo-made objects that linger in its breadbasket. Though noon predators, tiger sharks are sometimes taken as prey by groups of killer whales.[6] It is considered a near threatened species due to finning and angling by humans.[two]

The tiger shark is 2d only to the great white in recorded fatal attacks on humans, but these events are still exceedingly rare.[7] [8]

Taxonomy

The shark was get-go described by Peron and Lesueur in 1822, and was given the name Squalus cuvier.[4] Müller and Henle in 1837 renamed information technology Galeocerdo tigrinus.[seven] The genus, Galeocerdo, is derived from the Greek galeos, which means shark, and kerdo, the give-and-take for trick.[seven] It is often colloquially called the man-eater shark.[seven]

The tiger shark is a fellow member of the order Carcharhiniformes, the almost species-rich order of sharks, with more than 270 species also including the small catsharks and hammerhead sharks.[iv] Members of this order are characterized by the presence of a nictitating membrane over the eyes, two dorsal fins, an anal fin, and five gill slits. Information technology is the largest fellow member of the Carcharhinidae family, ordinarily referred to equally requiem sharks. This family consists of mostly slender only powerful mid- to large-sized sharks and includes some other well-known sharks, such as the blue shark (Prionace glauca), lemon shark (Negaprion brevirostris), and balderdash shark (Carcharhinus leucas).[5]

Description

The tiger shark commonly attains adult length of three.25–4.25 m (10 ft 8 in – thirteen ft 11 in) and weighs frequently around 175 to 635 kg (386 to 1,400 lb). It is dimorphic, with females being the larger sex. Mature females are oft over 3.7 m (12 ft 2 in) while mature males rarely get that large.[seven] [nine] [x] [11] Exceptionally big females reportedly can measure over 5 m (xvi ft 5 in), and the largest males iv m (xiii ft i in). Weights of especially large female tiger sharks can exceed 900 kg (2,000 lb).[ten] [12] [13] 1 pregnant female caught off Australia reportedly measured 5.five m (xviii ft 1 in) long and weighed 1,524 kg (3,360 lb). Even larger unconfirmed catches take been claimed.[14] Some papers have accustomed a tape of an infrequent 7.four m (24 ft three in) length for a tiger shark, simply since this is far larger than whatsoever scientifically observed specimen, verification would be needed.[fifteen] [16]

Among the largest extant sharks, the tiger shark ranks in average size only behind the whale shark (Rhincodon typus), the basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus), and the great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias). This makes information technology the second-largest predatory shark, after the bully white.[17] Another species such as megamouth sharks (Megachasma pelagios), Pacific sleeper sharks (Somniosus pacificus), Greenland sharks (Somniosus microcephalus), and bluntnose sixgill sharks (Hexanchus griseus) broadly overlap in size with the tiger shark, but equally these species are comparatively poorly studied, whether their typical mature size matches that of the tiger shark is unclear.[7] [14] The great hammerhead (Sphyrna mokarran), a member of the same taxonomic order as the tiger shark, has a similar or even greater average torso length, merely is lighter and less bulky, with a maximum known weight of 580 kg (1,280 lb).[18]

Tiger shark teeth are unique with very sharp, pronounced serrations and an unmistakable sideways-pointing tip. Such dentition has adult to slice through flesh, os, and other tough substances such as turtle shells. Similar most sharks, its teeth are continually replaced by rows of new teeth throughout the shark's life. Relative to the shark's size, tiger shark teeth are considerably shorter than those of a bully white shark, simply they are almost as broad every bit the root as the swell white's teeth and are arguably better suited to slicing through hard-surfaced prey.[xix] [20]

A tiger shark generally has long fins to provide elevator as the shark maneuvers through water, while the long upper tail provides bursts of speed. The tiger shark normally swims using modest body movements.[21] Its loftier dorsum and dorsal fin act as a pivot, allowing it to spin quickly on its axis, though the shark'due south dorsal fins are distinctively shut to its tail.

  • Jaws

  • Jaws, broad open

  • Upper teeth

  • Lower teeth

Peel

The skin of a tiger shark can typically range from blue to light green with a white or light-yellow underbelly. The advantage of this is that when it is hunting for its prey, when prey looks at the shark from above, the shark will be camouflaged, since the water below is darker And when prey is beneath the shark and looks up, of course considering of the dominicus, information technology is lighter and then that the calorie-free underbelly will too camouflage the shark. This is known as countershading. Dark spots and stripes are most visible in immature sharks and fade as the shark matures. Its head is somewhat wedge-shaped, which makes it easy to turn apace to one side.[5] [22] They take small pits on the snout which concur electroreceptors called the ampullae of Lorenzini, which enable them to detect electric fields, including the weak electric impulses generated by prey, which helps them to hunt.[19] Tiger sharks as well have a sensory organ called a lateral line which extends on their flanks down about of the length of their sides. The primary part of this structure is to detect infinitesimal vibrations in the h2o. These adaptations permit the tiger shark to hunt in darkness and notice subconscious casualty.[23]

Vision

Sharks do not have moveable upper or lower eyelids, but the tiger shark—amidst other sharks—has a nictitating membrane, a clear eyelid that can cover the eye.[24] A reflective layer behind the tiger shark'due south retina, called the tapetum lucidum, allows light-sensing cells a second take a chance to capture photons of visible low-cal. This enhances vision in low-light conditions.[25]

Distribution and habitat

Profile photo of shark, accompanied by remora, swimming just above a sandy seafloor

Juvenile tiger shark in the Bahama islands

Video of juvenile tiger shark at Lord Howe Island, Australia, from PLOS ONE

The tiger shark is oft found shut to the coast, mainly in tropical and subtropical waters throughout the world.[7] Its behavior is primarily nomadic, just is guided by warmer currents, and it stays closer to the equator throughout the colder months. It tends to stay in deep waters that line reefs, but it does movement into channels to pursue prey in shallower waters. In the western Pacific Body of water, the shark has been institute equally far north equally Japan and equally far south every bit New Zealand.[iv] Information technology has too been recorded in the Mediterranean, once off Spain and in one case off Sicily.[26]

Tiger sharks can be seen in the Gulf of United mexican states, North American beaches, and parts of Southward America. It is also commonly observed in the Caribbean area Sea. Other locations where tiger sharks are seen include off Africa, China, India, Australia, and Indonesia.[v]

Certain tiger sharks take been recorded at depths just shy of 900 thou (3,000 ft),[seven] simply some sources claim they move into shallow water normally idea to be too shallow for a species of its size.[five] A recent study showed the boilerplate tiger shark would be recorded at 350 g (1,100 ft), making tiger sharks uncommonly seen in shallow water. Nevertheless, tiger sharks in Hawaii have been observed in depths as shallow as 3.05 k (ten.0 ft) and regularly observed in littoral waters at depths of 6 to 12 m (20 to forty ft).

Feeding

The tiger shark is an apex predator[27] and has a reputation for eating almost anything.[7] These predators swim close inland to eat at night, and during the day swim out into deeper waters.[28] Immature tiger sharks are institute to feed largely on small fish, besides every bit various pocket-sized jellyfish, and mollusks including cephalopods. Around the time they achieve 2.iii m (seven.5 ft), or near sexual maturity, their selection expands considerably, and much larger animals become regular prey.[29] Numerous fish, crustaceans, body of water birds, sea snakes,[xxx] marine mammals (e.m. bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops), mutual dolphins (Delphinus),[31] spotted dolphins (Stenella),[32] dugongs (Dugong dugon), seals and sea lions, and bounding main turtles (including the iii largest species: the leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea),[33] the loggerhead (Caretta caretta)[34] and the green bounding main turtles (Chelonia mydas),[29]) are regularly eaten by adult tiger sharks. In fact, developed sea turtles have been found in up to 20.viii% of studied tiger shark stomachs, indicating somewhat of a dietary preference for sea turtles where they are normally encountered.[35] They as well eat other sharks (including adult sandbar sharks (Carcharhinus plumbeus)), as well as rays, and sometimes even other tiger sharks.[5] [29]

Due to high run a risk of predation, dolphins often avoid regions inhabited past tiger sharks.[36] Injured or ailing whales may also be attacked and eaten. A group was documented killing an ailing humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) in 2006 about Hawaii.[37] A scavenger, the tiger shark will feed on dead whales, and has been documented doing so alongside great white sharks.[38]

Bear witness of dugong predation was identified in ane study that found dugong tissue in 15 of 85 tiger sharks caught off the Australian coast.[39] Additionally, examination of developed dugongs has shown scars from failed shark attacks.[40] To minimize attacks, dugong microhabitats shift similarly to those of known tiger shark prey when the sharks are arable.[41]

The wide, heavily calcified jaws and near final mouth, combined with robust, serrated teeth, enable the tiger shark to take on these large prey.[36] In improver, excellent eyesight and astute sense of smell enable it to react to faint traces of claret and follow them to the source. The ability to choice up low-frequency pressure level waves enables the shark to advance towards an animal with confidence, even in murky water.[21] The shark circles its prey and studies it by prodding it with its snout.[21] When attacking, the shark often eats its prey whole, although larger prey are oftentimes eaten in gradual large bites and finished over time.[21]

Notably, terrestrial mammals, including horses (Equus ferus caballus), goats (Capra aegagrus hircus), sheep (Ovis aries), dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), cats (Felis catus), and brown rats (Rattus norvegicus), are fairly common in the stomach contents of tiger sharks effectually the coasts of Hawaii.[29] One time, remains of two flying foxes were establish in the tum of this shark.[42] Because of its ambitious and indiscriminate feeding style, it often mistakenly eats inedible objects, such as automobile license plates, oil cans, tires, and baseballs.[5]

Predation past killer whales

Although tiger sharks are noon predators, they are sometimes killed and taken as prey past pods of killer whales. The killer whales method of hunting tiger sharks is to drive them to the surface, then catch them mid-trunk and agree them upside down to induce tonic immobility which drowns the shark. The killer whales and then seize with teeth off the sharks fins then disembowel and devour them midwater.[six]

Swimming efficiency and stealth

All tiger sharks generally swim slowly, which, combined with cryptic coloration, may brand them difficult for prey to detect in some habitats. They are especially well inconspicuous against night backgrounds.[36] Despite their sluggish appearance, tiger sharks are one of the strongest swimmers of the carcharhinid sharks. Once the shark has come close, a speed burst allows it to attain the intended casualty before it can escape.[36]

Reproduction

Males reach sexual maturity at two.3 to two.ix m (vii.5 to 9.5 ft) and females at ii.5 to three.v 1000 (8.ii to eleven.5 ft).[xix] Typical weight of relatively young sexually mature specimens, which oft locally incorporate the majority of tiger sharks encountered per game-angling and scientific studies, is around lxxx to 130 kg (180 to 290 lb).[twenty] [43] Females mate once every three years.[5] They brood by internal fertilization. The male inserts one of his claspers into the female'southward genital opening (cloaca), acting as a guide for the sperm. The male person uses his teeth to hold the female person even so during the procedure, often causing the female considerable discomfort. Mating in the Northern Hemisphere generally takes place between March and May, with nativity betwixt April and June the following twelvemonth. In the Southern Hemisphere, mating takes place in Nov, December, or early January. The tiger shark is the only species in its family that is ovoviviparous; its eggs hatch internally and the immature are built-in live when fully developed.[7]

The immature develop within the mother's body upwards to 16 months. Litters range from 10 to lxxx pups.[seven] A newborn is mostly 51 to 76 cm (20 to 30 in) long.[7] How long tiger sharks live is unknown, simply they can live longer than 12 years.[v]

Ontogeny

Tiger shark ontogeny has been little studied until recently, but studies by Hammerschlag et al., indicated that equally they grow, their tails go more symmetrical with age. Additionally, while the heads on juvenile tiger sharks are more conical and similar to other requiem sharks, adult tiger sharks take a head which is relatively broader. The reason for the larger caudal fin on juvenile tiger sharks is theorized to be an adaptation to escape predation by larger predators and to catch quicker-moving prey. As tiger sharks mature, their head also becomes much wider and their tails no longer become as large in proportion to their body size equally when they are juveniles because they do not face elevated levels of predation chance upon maturity. The results of this study were interpreted as reflecting ii ecological transitions: every bit tiger sharks mature they become more migratory and having a symmetrical tail is more advantageous in long-distance traveling, and that tiger sharks consume more than diverse prey items with age, which requires a greater bite force and broader head.[44]

Conservation

Photo of shark hung by its tail on the shore

The tiger shark is captured and killed for its fins, flesh, and liver. Information technology is defenseless regularly in target and nontarget fisheries. Several populations have declined where they have been heavily fished. Continued demand for fins may result in further declines in the futurity. They are considered a nigh threatened species due to excessive finning and fishing by humans according to International Wedlock for Conservation of Nature.[2] In June 2018 the New Zealand Department of Conservation classified the tiger shark every bit "Migrant" with the qualifier "Secure Overseas" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System.[45]

While shark fin has very few nutrients, shark liver has a high concentration of vitamin A, which is used in the production of vitamin oils. In addition, the tiger shark is captured and killed for its distinct skin, as well as past large-game fishers.[7]

In 2010, Greenpeace International added the tiger shark to its seafood red list, which is a list of fish usually sold around the world, and which have a very high risk of being sourced from unsustainable fisheries.[46]

Relationship with humans

Although sharks rarely bite humans, the tiger shark is reported to be responsible for a large share of fatal shark-bite incidents, and is regarded every bit one of the virtually dangerous shark species.[47] [48] They often visit shallow reefs, harbors, and canals, creating the potential for encounter with humans.[5] The tiger shark as well dwells in river mouths and other runoff-rich water.[7] [xix] While the tiger shark is considered to be 1 of the sharks most dangerous to humans, its bite rate is low.[49] It ranks second on the list of number of recorded bites on humans, backside only the great white shark.[7] [47] Typically, three to four shark bites occur per twelvemonth in Hawaii, but they are rarely fatal; one notable survivor of such an assault is surfing champion Bethany Hamilton, who lost her left arm at historic period 13 to a tiger shark in 2003. This bite charge per unit is very depression, considering that thousands of people swim, surf, and swoop in Hawaiian waters every day.[49] Man interactions with tiger sharks in Hawaiian waters have been shown to increase between September and Nov, when tiger shark females are believed to migrate to the islands to give nascency.[l]

Betwixt 1959 and 2000, 4,668 tiger sharks were culled in an endeavor to protect the tourism industry. Despite damaging the shark population, these efforts were shown to be ineffective in decreasing the number of interactions between humans and tiger sharks. Feeding sharks in Hawaii (except for traditional Hawaiian cultural or religious practices) is illegal,[51] [52] and interaction with them, such as cage diving, is discouraged. South African shark behaviorist and shark diver Marking Addison demonstrated defined could interact and dive with them exterior of a shark muzzle in a 2007 Discovery Aqueduct special,[53] and underwater photographer Fiona Ayerst swam with them in the Bahamas.[53] [54] At "Tiger Embankment" off Grand Bahama, uncaged diving with – and even the treatment of – female person tiger sharks has go a routine occurrence.[55]

Mythology

The tiger shark is considered to be sacred na ʻaumakua (ancestor spirits) by some native Hawaiians, who think their eyeballs have special powers of visual perception.[56]

Come across too

  • Listing of sharks
  • Listing of prehistoric cartilaginous fish genera

References

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  50. ^ Main, Douglas (September 10, 2013). "Hawaii tiger shark migration in fall coincides with rise in bites". CBS Science News. Archived from the original on February 3, 2014. Retrieved October 15, 2014.
  51. ^ "Prohibition of Shark Feeding". Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resource, Hawaii Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 2014-08-20. Retrieved 2014-05-26 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  52. ^ "Federal Fishery Managers Vote To Prohibit Shark Feeding" (PDF). Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-06-08. Retrieved 2014-05-26 .
  53. ^ a b Donahue, Ann (30 July 2007). "Shark Week: 'Deadly Stripes: Tiger Sharks'". LA Times. Archived from the original on 17 August 2007. Retrieved five September 2007.
  54. ^ Riveting Shark Encounters: Fiona Ayerst recounts ... gentle tiger shark in the warm silky waters of the Bahamas Archived 2014-08-19 at the Wayback Motorcar. Magazines.co.za (June/July 2009)
  55. ^ "Tiger shark treatment". Jonathan Bird's Bluish World. Archived from the original on February 26, 2017. Retrieved Feb 28, 2017.
  56. ^ "Hawaiian Sharks | Parts of a Shark and Beliefs". www.mauiinformationguide.com. Archived from the original on 2019-10-01. Retrieved 2019-10-01 .

External links

  • "Galeocerdo cuvier". Integrated Taxonomic Data Organisation. Retrieved 7 April 2006.
  • General information Enchanted Learning. Retrieved January 22, 2005.
  • "Unlike diet data" Shark Info. Retrieved January 22, 2005.
  • "Tiger sharks in Hawaii" Research program. Retrieved January 22, 2005.
  • "Tiger shark: Fact File" from National Geographic
  • Tracking research on tiger sharks
  • Pictures of tiger sharks
  • Photos of Tiger shark on Sealife Collection
  • Diver Has Been Friends With Tiger Shark For 20 Years!

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_shark

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