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Scottish writer, poet and Christian minister

George MacDonald
MacDonald in the 1860s

MacDonald in the 1860s
Born (1824-12-10)x December 1824
Huntly, Aberdeenshire, Scotland
Died 18 September 1905(1905-09-18) (aged 80)
Ashtead, Surrey, England
Occupation Government minister, writer (poet, novelist)
Nationality Scottish/British
Alma mater Academy of Aberdeen
Menses 19th century
Genre Children's literature
Notable works
  • Phantastes (1858)
  • David Elginbrod (1863)
  • At the Back of the Due north Current of air (1871)
  • The Princess and the Goblin (1872)
  • Lilith (1895)
Spouse

Louisa Powell

​

(1000. 1851)​

George MacDonald (ten December 1824 – 18 September 1905) was a Scottish author, poet and Christian minister. He was a pioneering figure in the field of mod fantasy literature and the mentor of fellow writer Lewis Carroll. In addition to his fairy tales, MacDonald wrote several works of Christian theology, including several collections of sermons.

His writings have been cited equally a major literary influence by many notable authors including Lewis Carroll, W. H. Auden, David Lindsay,[1] J. M. Barrie, Lord Dunsany, Elizabeth Yates, Oswald Chambers, Mark Twain, Hope Mirrlees, Robert E. Howard[ citation needed ], Fifty. Frank Baum, T. H. White, Richard Adams, Lloyd Alexander, Hilaire Belloc, One thousand.M. Chesterton, C. S. Lewis, J. R. R. Tolkien,[two] Walter de la Mare,[iii] East. Nesbit, Peter S. Beagle, Neil Gaiman and Madeleine Fifty'Engle.[ii]

C. S. Lewis wrote that he regarded MacDonald as his "master": "Picking up a copy of Phantastes one day at a railroad train-station bookstall, I began to read. A few hours afterwards, I knew that I had crossed a great frontier." One thousand. K. Chesterton cited The Princess and the Goblin as a book that had "made a difference to my whole existence".[iv]

Elizabeth Yates wrote of Sir Gibbie, "It moved me the style books did when, every bit a kid, the great gates of literature began to open and first encounters with noble thoughts and utterances were unspeakably thrilling."[five]

Even Mark Twain, who initially disliked MacDonald, became friends with him, and there is some prove that Twain was influenced by him.[half-dozen] The Christian author Oswald Chambers wrote in his "Christian Disciplines" that "it is a hit indication of the trend and shallowness of the modernistic reading public that George MacDonald's books have been so neglected".[7]

Early on life [edit]

George MacDonald was built-in on 10 December 1824 at Huntly, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. His father, a farmer, was one of the MacDonalds of Glen Coe and a straight descendant of ane of the families that suffered in the massacre of 1692.[eight] [nine]

MacDonald grew upward in an unusually literate environment: one of his maternal uncles was a notable Celtic scholar, editor of the Gaelic Highland Lexicon and collector of fairy tales and Celtic poetry. His paternal grandfather had supported the publication of an Ossian edition, the controversial Celtic text believed by some to have contributed to the starting of European Romanticism. MacDonald's step-uncle was a Shakespeare scholar, and his paternal cousin another Celtic academic. Both his parents were readers, his father harbouring predilections for Newton, Burns, Cowper, Chalmers, Coleridge, and Darwin, to quote a few, while his mother had received a classical education which included multiple languages.[10]

An account cited how the young George suffered lapses in health in his early on years and was subject area to problems with his lungs such as asthma, bronchitis and even a tour of tuberculosis.[11] This last illness was considered a family affliction and two of MacDonald'southward brothers, his mother, and later three of his own children actually died from the ailment.[12] Even in his adult life, he was constantly travelling in search of purer air for his lungs.[13]

MacDonald grew up in the Congregational Church, with an temper of Calvinism. However, his family unit was atypical, with his paternal granddad a Catholic-born, fiddle-playing, Presbyterian elder; his paternal grandmother an Independent church rebel; his mother was a sister to the Gaelic-speaking radical who became moderator of the disrupting Free Church building, while his step-mother, to whom he was also very close, was the daughter of a Scottish Episcopalian priest.[10]

MacDonald graduated from the University of Aberdeen in 1845 with a master'southward caste in chemistry and physics.[14] He spent the side by side several years struggling with matters of religion and deciding what to do with his life.[15] His son, biographer Greville MacDonald, stated that his father could have pursued a career in the medical field merely he speculated that lack of money put an finish to this prospect.[16] Information technology was only in 1848 that MacDonald began theological training at Highbury Higher for the Congregational ministry.[vi] [17]

Early career [edit]

MacDonald was appointed minister of Trinity Congregational Church, Arundel, in 1850,[6] [17] after briefly serving equally a locum minister in Ireland.[15] Nonetheless, his sermons—which preached God'due south universal love and that anybody was capable of redemption—met with little favour[eighteen] and his bacon was cut in half.[half dozen] In May 1853, MacDonald tendered his resignation from his pastoral duties at Arundel.[19] Subsequently he was engaged in ministerial work in Manchester, leaving that because of poor health.[half dozen] An account cited the role of Lady Byron in convincing MacDonald to travel to Algiers in 1856 with the promise that the sojourn would help plough his wellness around.[19] When he got dorsum, he settled in London and taught for some time at the University of London.[half dozen] MacDonald was likewise for a time editor of Good Words for the Immature.

Writing career [edit]

MacDonald'due south first novel David Elginbrod was published in 1863.[eighteen]

MacDonald is often regarded equally the founding father of modern fantasy writing.[18] His best-known works are Phantastes, The Princess and the Goblin, At the Back of the North Wind, and Lilith (1895), all fantasy novels, and fairy tales such equally "The Light Princess", "The Gold Fundamental", and "The Wise Woman". "I write, not for children", he wrote, "but for the child-like, whether they be of five, or fifty, or seventy-five."[20] MacDonald also published some volumes of sermons, the pulpit non having proved an unreservedly successful venue.[6]

After his literary success, MacDonald went on to do a lecture bout in the U.s. in 1872–1873, after beingness invited to exercise so past a lecture company, the Boston Lyceum Agency. On the tour, MacDonald lectured about other poets such as Robert Burns, Shakespeare, and Tom Hood. He performed this lecture to great acclaim, speaking in Boston to crowds in the neighbourhood of three thousand people.[21]

George MacDonald with son Ronald (right) and girl Mary (left) in 1864. Photograph past Lewis Carroll

MacDonald served equally a mentor to Lewis Carroll: it was MacDonald's advice, and the enthusiastic reception of Alice by MacDonald's many sons and daughters, that convinced Carroll to submit Alice for publication.[22] Carroll, one of the finest Victorian photographers, also created photographic portraits of several of the MacDonald children.[23] MacDonald was also friends with John Ruskin, and served equally a go-betwixt in Ruskin's long courting with Rose La Touche.[22] While in America he was befriended by Longfellow and Walt Whitman.[24]

MacDonald'southward use of fantasy as a literary medium for exploring the human condition greatly influenced a generation of notable authors, including C. South. Lewis, who featured him as a character in his The Great Divorce.[25] In his introduction to his MacDonald anthology, Lewis speaks highly of MacDonald's views:

This collection, as I have said, was designed not to revive MacDonald's literary reputation merely to spread his religious teaching. Hence virtually of my extracts are taken from the three volumes of Unspoken Sermons. My own debt to this book is almost as great as one man can owe to another: and nearly all serious inquirers to whom I have introduced it acknowledge that it has given them smashing help—sometimes indispensable assist toward the very acceptance of the Christian religion. ...

I know hardly any other writer who seems to be closer, or more than continually close, to the Spirit of Christ Himself. Hence his Christ-similar matrimony of tenderness and severity. Nowhere else outside the New Testament have I found terror and condolement and then intertwined. ...

In making this collection I was discharging a debt of justice. I accept never concealed the fact that I regarded him equally my chief; indeed I fancy I accept never written a book in which I did not quote from him. But information technology has not seemed to me that those who have received my books kindly accept even at present sufficient observe of the affiliation. Honesty drives me to emphasize information technology.[26]

Others he influenced include J. R. R. Tolkien and Madeleine 50'Engle.[10] [half dozen] MacDonald's non-fantasy novels, such as Alec Forbes, had their influence besides; they were among the start realistic Scottish novels, and as such MacDonald has been credited with founding the "kailyard schoolhouse" of Scottish writing.[27]

Chesterton cited The Princess and the Goblin every bit a volume that had "made a difference to my whole being",[iv] in showing "how about both the best and the worst things are to us from the first ... and making all the ordinary staircases and doors and windows into magical things." [28]

Later life [edit]

In 1877 he was given a civil list alimony.[29] From 1879 he and his family lived in Bordighera,[30] in a place much loved by British expatriates, the Riviera dei Fiori in Liguria, Italy, almost on the French border. In that locality there also was an Anglican church, All Saints, which he attended.[31] Deeply enamoured of the Riviera, he spent 20 years at that place, writing almost one-half of his whole literary production, particularly the fantasy work.[32] MacDonald founded a literary studio in that Ligurian town, naming it Casa Coraggio (Bravery House).[33] It soon became ane of the near renowned cultural centres of that period, well attended by British and Italian travellers, and by locals,[34] with presentations of classic plays and readings of Dante and Shakespeare frequently being held.[35]

In 1900 he moved into St George's Wood, Haslemere, a house designed for him by his son, Robert, its building overseen by his eldest son, Greville.[36]

George MacDonald died on 18 September 1905 in Ashtead, Surrey, England.[36] He was cremated in Woking, Surrey, and his ashes were cached in Bordighera, in the English cemetery, along with his married woman Louisa and daughters Lilia and Grace.[36]

Personal life [edit]

MacDonald married Louisa Powell in Hackney in 1851, with whom he raised a family unit of eleven children: Lilia Scott (1852), Mary Josephine (1853–1878), Caroline Grace (1854), Greville Matheson (1856–1944), Irene (1857), Winifred Louise (1858), Ronald (1860–1933), Robert Falconer (1862–1913), Maurice (1864), Bernard Powell (1865–1928), and George Mackay (1867–1909?).

His son Greville became a noted medical specialist, a pioneer of the Peasant Arts movement, wrote numerous fairy tales for children, and ensured that new editions of his father'due south works were published.[37] Some other son, Ronald, became a novelist.[38] His daughter Mary was engaged to the creative person Edward Robert Hughes until her decease in 1878. Ronald's son, Philip MacDonald (George MacDonald's grandson), became a Hollywood screenwriter.[39]

Tuberculosis caused the decease of several family members, including Lilia, Mary Josephine, Grace, Maurice besides as ane granddaughter and a girl-in-law.[40] MacDonald was said to have been particularly affected by the death of Lilia, his eldest.

There is a bluish plaque on his home at 20 Albert Street, Camden, London.

Theology [edit]

According to biographer William Raeper, MacDonald'south theology "celebrated the rediscovery of God equally Father, and sought to encourage an intuitive response to God and Christ through quickening his readers' spirits in their reading of the Bible and their perception of nature."[41]

MacDonald's oft-mentioned universalism is not the idea that everyone will automatically be saved, simply is closer to Gregory of Nyssa in the view that all will ultimately repent and be restored to God.[42]

MacDonald appears to accept never felt comfy with some aspects of Calvinist doctrine, feeling that its principles were inherently "unfair";[22] when the doctrine of predestination was first explained to him, he outburst into tears (although bodacious that he was one of the elect).[ citation needed ] Afterward novels, such as Robert Falconer and Lilith, bear witness a distaste for the idea that God's electing love is express to some and denied to others.[ citation needed ]

Chesterton noted that merely a human who had "escaped" Calvinism could say that God is easy to delight and hard to satisfy.[ clarification needed ] [28]

MacDonald rejected the doctrine of penal substitutionary atonement as developed by John Calvin, which argues that Christ has taken the place of sinners and is punished past the wrath of God in their identify, believing that in turn it raised serious questions about the grapheme and nature of God.[ commendation needed ] Instead, he taught that Christ had come up to save people from their sins, and not from a Divine penalisation for their sins: the problem was not the need to appease a wrathful God, simply the disease of cosmic evil itself.[ commendation needed ] MacDonald frequently described the atonement in terms like to the Christus Victor theory.[ clarification needed ] [ citation needed ] MacDonald posed the rhetorical question, "Did he not foil and slay evil past letting all the waves and billows of its horrid body of water break upon him, get over him, and dice without rebound—spend their rage, fall defeated, and cease? Verily, he made amende!"[43]

MacDonald with his wife Louisa in 1901 at their 50th wedding anniversary

MacDonald was convinced that God does not punish except to meliorate, and that the sole cease of His greatest acrimony is the amelioration of the guilty.[44] Equally the doctor uses fire and steel in sure deep-seated diseases, so God may use hell-burn down if necessary to heal the hardened sinner. MacDonald declared, "I believe that no hell volition be lacking which would help the just mercy of God to redeem his children."[45] MacDonald posed the rhetorical question, "When we say that God is Beloved, practice we teach men that their fear of Him is baseless?" He replied, "No. As much as they were will come upon them, mayhap far more. ... The wrath volition consume what they call themselves; so that the selves God made shall appear."[46]

Even so, truthful repentance, in the sense of freely chosen moral growth, is essential to this process, and, in MacDonald's optimistic view, inevitable for all beings (see universal reconciliation).[ citation needed ]

MacDonald states his theological views most distinctly in the sermon "Justice", found in the third volume of Unspoken Sermons.[47]

Bibliography [edit]

The post-obit is a list of MacDonald'southward published works in the genre now referred to as fantasy:[ according to whom? ]

Fantasy [edit]

  • Phantastes: A Fairie Romance for Men and Women (1858)
  • "Cross Purposes" (1862)
  • The Portent: A Story of the Inner Vision of the Highlanders, Commonly Called "The Second Sight" (1864)
  • Dealings with the Fairies (1867), containing "The Golden Key", "The Light Princess", "The Shadows", and other short stories
  • At the Back of the North Air current (1871)
  • Works of Fancy and Imagination (1871), including Within and Without, "Cross Purposes", "The Light Princess", "The Golden Central", and other works
  • The Princess and the Goblin (1872)
  • The Wise Woman: A Parable (1875) (Published also as "The Lost Princess: A Double Story"; or as "A Double Story".)
  • The Gifts of the Child Christ and Other Tales (1882; republished as Stephen Archer and Other Tales) 1908 edition by Edwin Dalton, London was illustrated by Cyrus Cuneo and M. H. Evison. Available online at the Hathi Trust.[48]
  • The Day Boy and the Night Girl (1882)
  • The Princess and Curdie (1883), a sequel to The Princess and the Goblin
  • Lilith: A Romance (1895)

Fiction [edit]

  • David Elginbrod (1863; republished in edited grade as The Tutor'due south First Dear), originally published in 3 volumes
  • Adela Cathcart (1864); contains many fantasy stories told by the characters within the larger story, including "The Light Princess", "The Shadows", etc.[ verification needed ] [ citation needed ]
  • Alec Forbes of Howglen (1865; edited by Michael Phillips and republished as The Maiden'south Bequest; edited to children'southward version by Michael Phillips and republished as Alec Forbes and His Friend Annie)
  • Annals of a Placidity Neighbourhood (1867)
  • Lodge Court: A London Story (1868; republished in edited form equally The Prodigal Apprentice). 1908 edition past Edwin Dalton, London was illustrated past Thou. H. Evison. Bachelor online at Hathi Trust.[49]
  • Robert Falconer (1868; republished in edited course as The Musician's Quest)
  • The Seaboard Parish (1869), a sequel to Annals of a Tranquility Neighbourhood
  • Ranald Bannerman'due south Boyhood (republished in edited form as The Adolescence of Ranald Bannerman) (1871)
  • Wilfrid Cumbermede (1871)
  • The Vicar'due south Daughter (1871), a sequel to Register of a Placidity Neighborhood and The Seaboard Parish. 1908 edition by Sampson Low and Visitor, London was illustrated past Cyrus Cuneo and G. H. Evison.
  • The History of Gutta Percha Willie, the Working Genius (1873; republished in edited course every bit The Genius of Willie MacMichael), normally chosen only Gutta Percha Willie
  • Malcolm (1875)
  • St. George and St. Michael (1876; edited by Dan Hamilton and republished as The Concluding Castle)
  • Thomas Wingfold, Curate (1876; republished in edited form equally The Curate'due south Enkindling)
  • The Marquis of Lossie (1877; republished in edited form as The Marquis' Secret), the 2nd book of Malcolm
  • Sir Gibbie (1879): Sir Gibbie, Book ane. London: Hurst and Blackett. 1879. With simultaneous publication of Vol. 2 and Vol. 3, each of ca. 300 pages. Also issued by Lippincott in America in a single volume prepare in two columns in smaller font, in 210 pages, Sir Gibbie: A Novel. Philadelphia, PA: J. B. Lippincott. 1879. The entirety of the original text is available with a Broad Scots glossary by its digitizer, John Bechard, see "Sir Gibbie". 1879 – via Gutenberg.org. Republished in edited form as MacDonald, George (1990). Phillips, Michael R. (ed.). Wee Sir Gibbie of the Highlands. George MacDonald Classics. Bethany House. ISBN978-1556611391. Likewise as The Baronet's Vocal.[ clarification needed ] [ citation needed ]
  • Paul Faber, Surgeon (1879; republished in edited form equally The Lady's Confession), a sequel to Thomas Wingfold, Curate
  • Mary Marston (1881; republished in edited form as A Daughter'due south Devotion and The Shopkeeper's Daughter)
  • Warlock o' Glenwarlock (1881; republished in edited form as Castle Warlock and The Laird's Inheritance)
  • Weighed and Wanting (1882; republished in edited form as A Gentlewoman's Choice)
  • Donal Grant (1883; republished in edited form equally The Shepherd'south Castle), a sequel to Sir Gibbie
  • What'due south Mine's Mine (1886; republished in edited grade equally The Highlander's Final Song)
  • Home Once again: A Tale (1887; republished in edited form every bit The Poet's Homecoming)
  • The Elect Lady (1888; republished in edited form as The Landlady'south Primary)
  • A Rough Shaking (1891; republished in edited form every bit The Wanderings of Clare Skymer)
  • At that place and Back (1891; republished in edited class as The Baron's Apprenticeship), a sequel to Thomas Wingfold, Curate and Paul Faber, Surgeon
  • The Flight of the Shadow (1891)
  • Heather and Snow (1893; republished in edited form as The Peasant Girl's Dream)
  • Salted with Burn down (1896; republished in edited course equally The Minister's Restoration)
  • Far To a higher place Rubies (1898)

Poetry [edit]

The post-obit is a list of MacDonald'southward published poetic works:[ according to whom? ]

  • Twelve of the Spiritual Songs of Novalis (1851), privately printed translation of the poetry of Novalis
  • Within and Without: A Dramatic Poem (1855)
  • Poems. Longman, Brownish, Greenish, Longmans, & Roberts. 1857. Retrieved fifteen March 2017.
  • "A Hidden Life" and Other Poems (1864)
  • "The Disciple" and Other Poems (1867)
  • Exotics: A Translation of the Spiritual Songs of Novalis, the Hymn-book of Luther, and Other Poems from the German and Italian (1876)
  • Dramatic and Miscellaneous Poems (1876)
  • Diary of an Former Soul (1880)
  • A Book of Strife, in the Course of the Diary of an Former Soul (1880), privately printed
  • The Threefold Cord: Poems by Iii Friends (1883), privately printed, with Greville Matheson and John Hill MacDonald
  • Poems. New York: East. P. Dutton. 1887. Retrieved fifteen March 2017.
  • The Poetical Works of George MacDonald, 2 Volumes (1893)
  • Scotch Songs and Ballads (1893)
  • Rampolli: Growths from a Long-planted Root (1897)

Nonfiction [edit]

The following is a listing of MacDonald's published works of not-fiction:[ according to whom? ]

  • Unspoken Sermons (1867)
  • England's Retort (1868, 1874)
  • The Miracles of Our Lord (1870)
  • Cheerful Words from the Writing of George MacDonald (1880), compiled past E. E. Brown
  • Orts: Chiefly Papers on the Imagination, and on Shakespeare (1882)
  • "Preface" (1884) to Messages from Hell (1866) by Valdemar Adolph Thisted
  • The Tragedie of Village, Prince of Denmarke: A Written report With the Text of the Page of 1623 (1885)
  • Unspoken Sermons, Second Series (1885)
  • Unspoken Sermons, Tertiary Series (1889)
  • A Cabinet of Gems, Cut and Polished by Sir Philip Sidney; At present, for the More than Radiance, Presented Without Their Setting by George MacDonald (1891)
  • The Hope of the Gospel (1892)
  • A Dish of Orts (1893)
  • Cute Thoughts from George MacDonald (1894), compiled by Elizabeth Dougall

In popular culture [edit]

  • American classical composer John Craton has utilized several of MacDonald's stories in his works, including "The Grey Wolf" (in a tone poem of the same name for solo mandolin – 2006) and portions of "The Cruel Painter", Lilith, and The Low-cal Princess (in Three Tableaux from George MacDonald for mandolin, recorder, and cello – 2011).[ citation needed ]
  • Gimmicky new-age musician Jeff Johnson wrote a song titled "The Gilt Key" based on George MacDonald'due south story of the aforementioned proper name.[ citation needed ] He has also written several other songs inspired past MacDonald and the Inklings.[ commendation needed ]
  • Jazz pianist and recording creative person Ray Lyon has a vocal on his CD Beginning to See (2007), chosen "Upwardly The Spiral Stairs", which features lyrics from MacDonald'south 26 and 27 September devotional readings from the volume Diary of an Old Soul.[6]
  • Tori Amos and Samuel Adamson created a musical of The Low-cal Princess which was premiered for the Royal National Theatre in London in 2013.
  • A verse from The Low-cal Princess is cited in the "Dazzler and the Beast" song by Nightwish.[ citation needed ]
  • Rock grouping The Waterboys titled their album Room to Roam (1990) later on a passage in MacDonald's Phantastes, too found in Lilith. The title track of the album comprises a MacDonald poem from the text of Phantastes set to music by the band. The novels Lilith and Phantastes are both named every bit books in a library, in the title track of another Waterboys album, Universal Hall (2003).[ citation needed ]

Run across also [edit]

  • Christian existentialism
  • Fairytale fantasy
  • Mythopoeia

References [edit]

Footnotes [edit]

  1. ^ David Lindsay: A Scottish Genius
  2. ^ a b Wolfe, Gary K. (1985). "George MacDonald". In Bleiler, E. F. (ed.). Supernatural Fiction Writers: Fantasy and Horror. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 239–246. ISBN978-0684178080.
  3. ^ Bentinck, Anne (2001). Romantic Imagery in the Works of Walter de la Mare. Lewiston, New York: E. Mellen Press. p. 345. ISBN978-0889469273.
  4. ^ a b Macdonald, Greville (1924). George Macdonald and his married woman. New York: MacVeagh. p. ix. Retrieved 3 May 2017.
  5. ^ "George MacDonald". Archived from the original on 16 August 2007. Retrieved 17 September 2007.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Definition of Free Cultural Works logo notext.svg This commodity incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC-Past-SA 3.0 License statement/permission. Text taken from Biography of MacDonald, PoemHunter.com. To acquire how to add open license text to Wikipedia articles, please meet this how-to page. For information on reusing text from Wikipedia, please see the terms of apply.
  7. ^ Chambers, Oswald (2000) [1936]. The Complete Works of Oswald Chambers: Christian Disciplines (PDF). Vol. 1. Oswald Chambers Publications Association. p. 287. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  8. ^ Raeper, William, George MacDonald (1987), pp. xv–17.
  9. ^ For more information on this massacre, run into Betimes. "The Massacre of Glen Coe". Scottish History: The making of the Wedlock. BBC. Retrieved 6 November 2012. For more information on the site of the result, see "Site Tape for Glencoe, National Trust For Scotland Glencoe Visitor Centre". Royal Commission on the Aboriginal and Historical Monuments of Scotland.
  10. ^ a b c Johnson, K. J. (2014). "Rooted Deep: Discovering the Literary Identity of Mythopoeic Fantacist George MacDonald" (PDF). Linguaculture. University of Iasi Press. 2: 27f.
  11. ^ The Life and Times of George MacDonald. Golgotha Printing. 2011. ISBN9781621070252.
  12. ^ Hutton, Muriel (1976). "The George MacDonald Collection". The Yale Academy Library Gazette. 51 (2): 74–85. JSTOR 40858616.
  13. ^ "George MacDonald | Penguin Random House". www.penguinrandomhouse.com . Retrieved 12 October 2018.
  14. ^ "Archives and Manuscripts – Special Collections – University of Aberdeen". calms.abdn.ac.uk . Retrieved 10 Feb 2018.
  15. ^ a b Johnson, Rachel (2014). A Complete Identity: The Youthful Hero in the Work of One thousand. A. Henty and George MacDonald. Cambridge, UK: The Lutterworth Press. p. 43. ISBN9780718893590.
  16. ^ Sparks, Tabitha (2009). The Doctor in the Victorian Novel: Family Practices. Surrey: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 50. ISBN9780754668022.
  17. ^ a b "George MacDonald". Wheaton College . Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  18. ^ a b c "BBC Two – Writing Scotland – George MacDonald". BBC.
  19. ^ a b Hein, Rolland (2014). George MacDonald: Victorian Mythmaker. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 88, 123. ISBN9781625645074.
  20. ^ MacDonald, George (1893). A Dish of Orts: Chiefly Papers on the Imagination, and on Shakespeare. Project Gutenberg. Retrieved 6 Oct 2016.
  21. ^ Seper, Charles. "Us Lecture Tour". The George MacDonald Informational Web . Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  22. ^ a b c Reis, Richard H. (1972). George MacDonald, pp. 25–34. Twayne Publishers, Inc.
  23. ^ Seper, Charles. "Lewis Carroll's clan with George MacDonald". The George MacDonald Informational Spider web . Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  24. ^ Rolland Hein; Frederick Buechner (x November 2014). George MacDonald: Victorian Mythmaker. Eugene: Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. XVII. ISBN978-1625645074 . Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  25. ^ Lindskoog, Kathryn Ann (2001). Surprised past C. Southward. Lewis, George MacDonald & Dante: An Array of Original Discoveries. Mercer Academy Printing. p. 72. ISBN9780865547285 . Retrieved 21 April 2014.
  26. ^ C. Southward. Lewis, ed. (1947). George MacDonald: An Anthology.
  27. ^ Sutherland, D. "The Founder of the New Scottish School." In The Critic, Volumes 30–31, 15 May 1897, p. 339. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
  28. ^ a b Greville, Intro. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGreville,_Intro (help)
  29. ^ "George MacDonald: Scottish novelist, chaplain and author". Christian Classics Ethereal Library . Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  30. ^ "George McDonald". Archived from the original on 13 September 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
  31. ^ Valerie Lester, Marvels: the life of Clarence Bicknell, botanist, archeologist, creative person, Matador, 2018, pp. 57–62.
  32. ^ "George MacDonald Life Outline". Archived from the original on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 25 Oct 2012.
  33. ^ Skribita de Susie Bicknell. "In Clarence's Time – George MacDonald in Bordighera". clarencebicknell.com . Retrieved twenty June 2018.
  34. ^ "107 anni fa oggi moriva a Bordighera Edmondo De Amicis" [Edmondo De Amicis died today in Bordighera 107 years ago]. Bordighera.internet (in Italian). 11 March 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  35. ^ "Bordighera, A Record of a Visit (1997)". Archived from the original on 12 September 2012. Retrieved 25 Oct 2012.
  36. ^ a b c Rolland Hein; Frederick Buechner (ten Nov 2014). George MacDonald: Victorian Mythmaker. Eugene: Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 398–399. ISBN978-1625645074 . Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  37. ^ MacDonald, Greville. "Greville MacDonald: An Inventory of His Papers at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Eye". legacy.lib.utexas.edu.
  38. ^ "Who'due south who: An Almanac Biographical Lexicon". A. & C. Black. 1 July 1907 – via Google Books.
  39. ^ Mavis, Paul (8 June 2015). The Espionage Filmography: United States Releases, 1898 through 1999. McFarland. ISBN9781476604275 – via Google Books.
  40. ^ Golgotha Press (2013). Profiles of English language Writers: Volume Three of Three. Hustonville, KY: Golgotha Press. ISBN9781621076070.
  41. ^ "George MacDonald's Theology". The George MacDonald WWW Folio.
  42. ^ "An Orthodox Appreciation of George MacDonald". Touchstone: A Journal of Mere Christianity.
  43. ^ Phillips, Michael R. (1987). George MacDonald: Scotland'due south Beloved Storyteller. Minneapolis: Bethany Business firm. p. 209. ISBN978-0871239440 . Retrieved 14 September 2017.
  44. ^ Yamaguchi, Miho (2007). George MacDonald's Challenging Theology of the Atonement, Suffering, and Decease. Wheatmark. p. 27. ISBN9781587367984 . Retrieved 15 March 2017.
  45. ^ Johnson, Joseph (1906). George MacDonald: A Biographical and Critical Appreciation. Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd. p. 155. Retrieved xv March 2017.
  46. ^ Phillips, Michael R. (1987). George MacDonald: Scotland'south Love Storyteller. Minneapolis: Bethany Firm. p. 202. ISBN978-0871239440 . Retrieved 14 September 2017.
  47. ^ "Sermon "Justice", at Unspoken Sermons 3rd Series". Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  48. ^ Macdonald, George (1908). Stephen Archer and other tales. London: Edwin Dalton. hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t10p10p66. Retrieved 9 August 2020 – via The Hathi Trust (access may be limited exterior the United States).
  49. ^ Macdonald, George (1908). Social club Court, A London Story. London: Edwin Dalton. hdl:2027/uc1.31210010290201. Retrieved ix August 2020 – via The Hathi Trust (access may be limited exterior the United States).

Works cited [edit]

  • Greville. George Macdonald and his wife, 1924, MacVeagh, New York

Farther reading [edit]

  • Ankeny, Rebecca Thomas. The Story, the Teller and the Audience in George MacDonald'southward Fiction. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 2000.
  • Wingfold. A journal "Celebrating the works of George MacDonald". Published past Barbara Amell
  • Thomas Gerold, Dice Gotteskindschaft des Menschen. Die theologische Anthropologie bei George MacDonald, Münster: Lit, 2006 ISBN three-8258-9853-nine (A study of MacDonald's theology).
  • Gray, William Northward. "George MacDonald, Julia Kristeva, and the Black Sun." SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900 36.four (Autumn 1996): 877–593. Accessed nineteen May 2009.
  • Rolland Hein, George MacDonald: Victorian Mythmaker. Star Song Publishing, 1993. ISBN ane-56233-046-2
  • Lewis, C. South. Surprised past Joy.
  • McGillis, Roderick, ed. For the Childlike: George MacDonald's Fantasies for Children. Metuchen, NJ, and London: The Children'due south Literature Association and the Scarecrow Press, Inc., 1992.
  • Greville MacDonald, George MacDonald and his Married woman, London: *George Allen & Unwin, 1924 (republished 1998 by Johannesen ISBN 1-881084-63-9
  • George MacDonald Selections From His Greatest Works, compiled past David L. Neuhouser, published by Victor Press 1990. ISBN 0-89693-788-7
  • William Raeper, George MacDonald. Novelist and Victorian Visionary, Tring, Herts., and Batavia, IL: Panthera leo Publishing, 1987
  • Robb, David S. George MacDonald. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1987.
  • Wolff, Robert Lee. The Gilt Key: A Study of the Fiction of George Macdonald. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1961.
  • Worthing, Mark West. Phantastes: George MacDonald's Classic Fantasy Novel. Northcote Victoria: Stone Table Books, 2016. ISBN 9780995416130
  • Worthing, Mark West. Narnia, Middle-Earth and the Kingdom of God: A History of Fantasy Literature and the Christian Tradition. Northcote Victoria: Rock Table Books, 2016 ISBN 9780995416116

External links [edit]

Digital collections
  • Works past George MacDonald in eBook class at Standard Ebooks
  • Works past George MacDonald at Projection Gutenberg
  • Works by or nigh George MacDonald at Internet Archive
  • Christian Classics Ethereal Library
  • Extracts from Scribner'due south Monthly, etc. containing a few poems and translations of Novalis (Cornell University'south "Making of America" Journal Drove)
  • Several Works at Penn State University'south Electronic Classics (pdf format)
  • Alec Forbes of Howglen. (Ebook/PDF format)
Concrete collections
  • The Marion E. Wade Centre – George MacDonald research collection at Wheaton College, Wheaton, IL
  • George MacDonald Collection. Full general Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.
Audio collections
  • Works by George MacDonald at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
  • Sound recordings of GM Works ongoing
  • Free audio recording of "The Aureate Key" at librivox.org
Biographical information
  • The George MacDonald Informational Web
  • George MacDonald on The Victorian Web
  • Life and Works of George MacDonald
Scholarly work
  • North Wind. A Journal of George MacDonald Studies. The Journals of the George MacDonald Society
  • The Center for the Study of C.Due south. Lewis and Friends – Taylor University at taylor.edu
Other links
  • Marking Twain, George MacDonald's Friend Abroad, at GeorgeMacdonald.info
  • George MacDonald Lodge
  • Mark Twain and George MacDonald: The Salty and the Sugariness
  • George MacDonald at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_MacDonald

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